"Overall, this textbook is a perfect guide for interested researchers and students who wish to understand the rationale and methods of causal inference. Each chapter provides an R implementation of the introduced causal concepts and models and concludes with appropriate exercises."-An-Shun Tai & Sheng-Hsuan Lin, in Biometrics

One of the primary motivations for clinical trials and observational studies of humans is to infer cause and effect. Disentangling causation from confounding is of utmost importance. Fundamentals of Causal Inference explains and relates different methods of confounding adjustment in terms of potential outcomes and graphical models, including standardization, difference-in-differences estimation, the front-door method, instrumental variables estimation, and propensity score methods. It also covers effect-measure modification, precision variables, mediation analyses, and time-dependent confounding. Several real data examples, simulation studies, and analyses using R motivate the methods throughout. The book assumes familiarity with basic statistics and probability, regression, and R and is suitable for seniors or graduate students in statistics, biostatistics, and data science as well as PhD students in a wide variety of other disciplines, including epidemiology, pharmacy, the health sciences, education, and the social, economic, and behavioral sciences.

Beginning with a brief history and a review of essential elements of probability and statistics, a unique feature of the book is its focus on real and simulated datasets with all binary variables to reduce complex methods down to their fundamentals. Calculus is not required, but a willingness to tackle mathematical notation, difficult concepts, and intricate logical arguments is essential. While many real data examples are included, the book also features the Double What-If Study, based on simulated data with known causal mechanisms, in the belief that the methods are best understood in circumstances where they are known to either succeed or fail. Datasets, R code, and solutions to odd-numbered exercises are available on the book's website at www.routledge.com/9780367705053. Instructors can also find slides based on the book, and a full solutions manual under 'Instructor Resources'.

Explains and relates different methods of confounding adjustment in terms of potential outcomes and graphical models, including standardization, difference-in-differences estimation, the front-door method, instrumental variables estimation, and propensity score methods.

"I would definitely consider adopting this book for my class, especially for the introduction to the history of causal inference, the fundamental problem of causal inference, and graphical models. I think it compares favorably to competing books, particularly in that I think it does a nice job referencing different causal inference frameworks." (Edward Kennedy, Carnegie Mellon University) "This textbook would be ideal for our department's introductory course in causal methods which targets MS students in Epidemiology and Health Policy. I would even consider using this textbook in my PhD level Causal Inference course for Biostatistics students as a supplement because of its great R code and excellent data examples...The text is very clear and presents concepts in an accessible way. It is in fact much more accessible than current textbooks I've used. It is well organized and builds on concepts nicely throughout. Again, I think the R code is a huge plus. There is also very little reliance on any advanced math. Understanding probabilities and conditional expectations is all that is needed to fully appreciate this textbook." (Nandita Mitra, University of Pennsylvania) "This is a timely book on a topic that's becoming ever more popular, for both methodological and applied researchers. the book would be a good one for undergrad majors in statistics and related fields, and at the same time some graduate students and researchers etc." (Ronghui Xu, University of California San Diego)